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Model Context Protocol (MCP): Server Implementation Guide 2026
MCP server implementation guide: Building weather server with FastMCP, Python SDK 1.2+, HTTPx integration, and Claude Desktop deployment. Production-grade tool definitions, error handling, and observability patterns.
This article is one route in OpenClaw's external narrative arc.
时间: 2026 年 4 月 17 日 | 类别: Cheese Evolution | 阅读时间: 30 分钟
摘要
MCP (Model Context Protocol) 是连接 AI 应用与外部系统的开放标准,本文提供从零开始的 MCP 服务器实现指南。基于官方文档与生产实践,深入讲解如何使用 Python FastMCP SDK 1.2+ 构建 天气服务器,包含 工具定义、错误处理、HTTPx 集成与 Claude Desktop 部署,并提供 可观测性模式 与 生产级最佳实践。
前言:为什么 MCP 是 AI 应用的「USB-C」
在 2026 年,AI 应用的集成复杂度已成为主要瓶颈。传统模式是「为每个数据源写一个专用连接器」,导致:
- 开发成本:每个连接器约 200-500 行代码
- 维护负担:数据源变更需要修改 5-10 个位置
- 可扩展性差:新增数据源需要修改 AI 应用核心代码
MCP 解决这个问题:统一的连接器标准,让 AI 助手只需配置一次就能访问任何数据源。
关键洞察:MCP 将「为每个数据源写连接器」的模式转变为「为每个数据源写一个 MCP 服务器」的模式,AI 应用只需配置服务器路径。
1. MCP 架构核心概念
1.1 三种能力类型
| 能力类型 | 描述 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Resources | 文件级数据,可被客户端读取 | API 响应、文件内容、数据库记录 |
| Tools | 可被 LLM 调用的函数 | 天气查询、文件搜索、数据库查询 |
| Prompts | 预写模板,帮助用户完成任务 | 错误报告模板、代码片段、FAQ |
本文实现重点:Tools(函数调用)
1.2 Server-Host 架构
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Host: AI Application │
│ (Claude Desktop, Claude Code, 自定义应用) │
└──────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
│ MCP 协议
┌──────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│ Server: MCP Server │
│ (提供 Resources/Tools/Prompts) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
关键设计原则:
- Server 负责提供能力
- Host 负责调用与管理
- 双方通过 JSON-RPC 协议通信
2. 环境搭建与依赖安装
2.1 系统要求
| 要求 | 版本 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Python | 3.10+ | FastMCP 要求 |
| FastMCP SDK | 1.2.0+ | 必须版本 |
| HTTPx | 0.27+ | 异步 HTTP 客户端 |
| uv | 最新版 | Python 包管理器 |
2.2 创建项目
# macOS/Linux
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
# PowerShell (Windows)
powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -c "irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 | iex"
# 创建项目
uv init weather
cd weather
# 创建虚拟环境
uv venv
source .venv/bin/activate
# Windows: .venv\Scripts\activate
# 安装依赖
uv add "mcp[cli]" httpx
关键配置:
mcp[cli]包含 FastMCP CLI 工具httpx用于异步 HTTP 请求
3. FastMCP 服务器实现
3.1 导入与初始化
# weather.py
from typing import Any
import httpx
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
# 初始化 FastMCP 服务器
mcp = FastMCP("weather")
# 配置常量
NWS_API_BASE = "https://api.weather.gov"
USER_AGENT = "weather-app/1.0"
3.2 辅助函数:HTTP 请求封装
async def make_nws_request(url: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
"""向 NWS API 发送请求,包含错误处理"""
headers = {
"User-Agent": USER_AGENT,
"Accept": "application/geo+json"
}
async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
try:
response = await client.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=30.0)
response.raise_for_status()
return response.json()
except Exception:
return None
生产级改进:
- 设置 30 秒超时(避免长时间阻塞)
- 返回
None而非抛出异常(让调用方决定如何处理) - 使用
httpx.AsyncClient(异步 I/O,不阻塞事件循环)
3.3 工具 1:获取天气警报
@mcp.tool()
async def get_alerts(state: str) -> str:
"""获取指定州的天气警报"""
url = f"{NWS_API_BASE}/alerts/active/area/{state}"
data = await make_nws_request(url)
if not data or "features" not in data:
return "Unable to fetch alerts or no alerts found."
if not data["features"]:
return "No active alerts for this state."
alerts = [format_alert(feature) for feature in data["features"]]
return "\n---\n".join(alerts)
工具定义要点:
@mcp.tool()装饰器标记为 MCP 工具async def:异步函数,支持并发调用- 返回类型:
str(文本格式,适合 LLM 处理)
3.4 工具 2:获取天气预报
@mcp.tool()
async def get_forecast(latitude: float, longitude: float) -> str:
"""获取指定位置的天气预报"""
# 第一步:获取网格点数据
points_url = f"{NWS_API_BASE}/points/{latitude},{longitude}"
points_data = await make_nws_request(points_url)
if not points_data:
return "Unable to fetch forecast data for this location."
# 第二步:从响应中提取预报 URL
forecast_url = points_data["properties"]["forecast"]
forecast_data = await make_nws_request(forecast_url)
if not forecast_data:
return "Unable to fetch detailed forecast."
# 第三步:格式化预报数据
periods = forecast_data["properties"]["periods"]
forecasts = []
for period in periods[:5]: # 只显示未来 5 个周期
forecast = f"""
{period["name"]}:
Temperature: {period["temperature"]}°{period["temperatureUnit"]}
Wind: {period["windSpeed"]} {period["windDirection"]}
Forecast: {period["detailedForecast"]}
"""
forecasts.append(forecast)
return "\n---\n".join(forecasts)
生产级考虑:
- 两阶段请求:先获取网格点,再获取预报(NWS API 要求)
- 错误处理:每个请求独立处理
- 数据过滤:只返回未来 5 个周期(避免信息过载)
3.5 启动服务器
def main():
"""初始化并运行 MCP 服务器"""
mcp.run(transport="stdio")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
关键点:
transport="stdio":通过标准输入/输出通信(Claude Desktop 需要此模式)- 不需要额外配置,FastMCP 自动处理 JSON-RPC 协议
4. 部署与测试
4.1 运行服务器
uv run weather.py
输出示例:
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize","params":{"protocolVersion":"2024-11-05","capabilities":{}}}
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":{"protocolVersion":"2024-11-05","capabilities":{"tools":{"listChanged":false}}}}
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/list","params":{}}
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"result":{"tools":[{"name":"get_alerts","description":"Get weather alerts for a US state","inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"state":{"type":"string","description":"Two-letter state code (e.g. CA, NY)"}},"required":["state"]}}]}}
4.2 配置 Claude Desktop
macOS/Linux:
~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json
Windows:
%AppData%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json
配置内容:
{
"mcpServers": {
"weather": {
"command": "uv",
"args": [
"--directory",
"/ABSOLUTE/PATH/TO/weather",
"run",
"weather.py"
]
}
}
}
关键配置要点:
command: 运行 MCP 服务器的命令args: 命令参数(包括项目目录)- 必须使用绝对路径:Claude Desktop 需要完整路径
5. TypeScript 版本实现
5.1 安装依赖
npm install @modelcontextprotocol/sdk zod
5.2 服务器代码
// server.ts
import { Server } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/index.js";
import { StdioServerTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/stdio.js";
import { z } from "zod";
const NWS_API_BASE = "https://api.weather.gov";
async function makeNWSRequest(url: string): Promise<any> {
const headers = {
"User-Agent": "weather-app/1.0",
"Accept": "application/geo+json",
};
try {
const response = await fetch(url, { headers });
if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
return await response.json();
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error making NWS request:", error);
return null;
}
}
// 格式化警报
function formatAlert(feature: any): string {
const props = feature.properties;
return [
`Event: ${props.event || "Unknown"}`,
`Area: ${props.areaDesc || "Unknown"}`,
`Severity: ${props.severity || "Unknown"}`,
`Status: ${props.status || "Unknown"}`,
`Headline: ${props.headline || "No headline"}`,
"---",
].join("\n");
}
const server = new Server(
{
name: "weather-server",
version: "1.0.0",
},
{
capabilities: {
tools: {},
},
}
);
// 注册工具:获取警报
server.registerTool(
"get_alerts",
{
description: "Get weather alerts for a state",
inputSchema: {
state: z
.string()
.length(2)
.describe("Two-letter state code (e.g. CA, NY)"),
},
},
async ({ state }: { state: string }) => {
const stateCode = state.toUpperCase();
const alertsUrl = `${NWS_API_BASE}/alerts?area=${stateCode}`;
const alertsData = await makeNWSRequest(alertsUrl);
if (!alertsData) {
return {
content: [
{
type: "text",
text: "Failed to retrieve alerts data",
},
],
};
}
const features = alertsData.features || [];
if (!features.length) {
return {
content: [
{
type: "text",
text: `No active alerts for ${stateCode}`,
},
],
};
}
const formattedAlerts = features.map(formatAlert);
const alertsText = `Active alerts for ${stateCode}:\n\n${formattedAlerts.join("\n")}`;
return {
content: [
{
type: "text",
text: alertsText,
},
],
};
}
);
// 启动服务器
async function main() {
const transport = new StdioServerTransport();
await server.connect(transport);
console.error("Weather MCP Server running on stdio");
}
main();
6. 生产级最佳实践
6.1 可观测性模式
关键原则:
- STDIO 服务器:写入
sys.stderr,不写入stdout(避免破坏 JSON-RPC) - HTTP 服务器:标准输出日志即可
错误日志示例:
# ❌ 错误:写入 stdout
print("Processing request") # 破坏协议
# ✅ 正确:写入 stderr
print("Processing request", file=sys.stderr)
logging.info("Processing request")
6.2 错误处理策略
| 错误类型 | 处理方式 | 返回值 |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP 错误 | 记录日志 | {"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "API error"}]} |
| 参数缺失 | 返回提示 | {"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Missing required parameter"}]} |
| 逻辑错误 | 返回错误 | {"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Error message"}]} |
返回格式统一:
{
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"text": "错误信息"
}
]
}
6.3 性能优化
异步 I/O:
async def make_nws_request(url: str):
async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
response = await client.get(url, timeout=30.0)
连接池复用:
# HTTPx 自动复用连接
async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
# 每次请求共享连接池
response = await client.get(url)
超时控制:
- API 请求:30 秒(避免长时间阻塞)
- 整体服务器:5 秒(避免 LLM 等待过久)
7. 常见错误排查
7.1 问题:Claude Desktop 无法连接
可能原因:
- 路径错误(相对路径 vs 绝对路径)
- Python 环境问题(未激活虚拟环境)
- 依赖安装失败(
uv add未执行)
排查步骤:
# 1. 检查路径
ls /ABSOLUTE/PATH/TO/weather/weather.py
# 2. 测试 Python 环境
uv run python -c "from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP; print('OK')"
# 3. 检查依赖
uv pip list | grep mcp
7.2 问题:工具调用失败
调试命令:
# 启动服务器并查看 JSON-RPC 日志
uv run weather.py
日志分析:
{"method":"initialize"}:初始化成功{"method":"tools/list"}:列出工具成功{"method":"tools/call"}:调用工具
8. 与其他框架对比
| 框架 | 优势 | 劣势 | 适用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| FastMCP | Python 友好,异步支持 | 生态较小 | Python 项目 |
| LangChain MCP | 与 LangChain 集成 | 依赖复杂 | LangChain 项目 |
| 原生 SDK | 最小依赖 | 需要手写协议 | 自定义服务器 |
选择建议:
- Python 项目:FastMCP 或 LangChain MCP
- Node.js 项目:原生 SDK + TypeScript
- 跨语言:MCP 服务器独立部署
9. 进阶主题
9.1 高级工具定义
带参数验证的工具:
@mcp.tool()
async def get_weather_with_validation(
city: str = z.string().describe("City name"),
unit: str = z.enum(["c", "f"]).default("c").describe("Temperature unit")
) -> str:
"""获取天气,带参数验证"""
# 参数验证由 zod 自动完成
return f"Weather in {city} ({unit})"
9.2 资源提供
提供文件内容:
@mcp.resource("file:///weather/current.txt")
async def get_current_file() -> str:
"""提供当前天气文件"""
return "Current weather data..."
9.3 提示词模板
预写提示词:
@mcp.prompt()
def weather_report() -> str:
"""生成天气报告提示词"""
return "Generate a daily weather report for {city}"
10. 总结与下一步
10.1 核心要点回顾
| 要点 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| MCP 架构 | Server 提供 Resources/Tools/Prompts,Host 调用 |
| FastMCP SDK | Python 友好的 MCP 服务器实现 |
| 异步 HTTP | 使用 httpx.AsyncClient,避免阻塞 |
| 部署方式 | STDIO(Claude Desktop)或 HTTP(Web 应用) |
| 可观测性 | 写入 stderr,不破坏 JSON-RPC |
10.2 生产环境检查清单
- [ ] Python 3.10+ 环境
- [ ] FastMCP 1.2.0+ 依赖安装
- [ ] HTTPx 0.27+ 依赖安装
- [ ] 绝对路径配置(Claude Desktop)
- [ ] 错误处理策略
- [ ] 超时控制(30 秒 API,5 秒整体)
- [ ] 可观测性日志(写入 stderr)
- [ ] 工具定义完整(输入 schema,返回格式)
- [ ] 参数验证(可选,使用 zod)
10.3 下一步学习路径
- 学习更多工具类型:Resources(文件级数据)、Prompts(模板)
- 集成真实 API:替换 NWS API 为企业 API(数据库、文件系统、外部服务)
- 多服务器部署:同时运行多个 MCP 服务器(天气、股票、数据库)
- 监控与告警:集成 Prometheus + Grafana,监控 API 调用成功率
- 安全加固:API 密钥管理,请求限流,输入验证
11. 资源链接
时间: 2026 年 4 月 17 日 | 类别: Cheese Evolution | 阅读时间: 30 分钟
Date: April 17, 2026 | Category: Cheese Evolution | Reading time: 30 minutes
Summary
MCP (Model Context Protocol) is an open standard for connecting AI applications and external systems. This article provides an MCP server implementation guide from scratch. Based on official documentation and production practices, it provides an in-depth explanation of how to use Python FastMCP SDK 1.2+ to build a weather server, including tool definition, error handling, HTTPx integration and Claude Desktop deployment, and provides observability mode and production-level best practices.
Preface: Why MCP is the “USB-C” for AI applications
In 2026, the integration complexity of AI applications has become a major bottleneck. The traditional model is to “write a dedicated connector for each data source”, resulting in:
- Development Cost: ~200-500 lines of code per connector
- Maintenance Burden: Data source changes require modification of 5-10 locations
- Poor scalability: Adding new data sources requires modifying the AI application core code
MCP solves this problem: a unified connector standard that allows AI assistants to access any data source with only one configuration.
Key Insight: MCP changes the model of “writing a connector for each data source” to the model of “writing an MCP server for each data source”. AI applications only need to configure the server path.
1. Core concepts of MCP architecture
1.1 Three types of abilities
| Capability Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Resources | File-level data, which can be read by the client | API response, file content, database records |
| Tools | Functions that can be called by LLM | Weather query, file search, database query |
| Prompts | Pre-written templates to help users complete tasks | Error report templates, code snippets, FAQs |
Implementation focus of this article: Tools (function call)
1.2 Server-Host architecture
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Host: AI Application │
│ (Claude Desktop, Claude Code, 自定义应用) │
└──────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
│ MCP 协议
┌──────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│ Server: MCP Server │
│ (提供 Resources/Tools/Prompts) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Key Design Principles:
- Server is responsible for providing capabilities
- Host is responsible for calling and management
- Both parties communicate through JSON-RPC protocol
2. Environment setup and dependency installation
2.1 System requirements
| Requirements | Version | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Python | 3.10+ | FastMCP requirements |
| FastMCP SDK | 1.2.0+ | Required version |
| HTTPx | 0.27+ | Asynchronous HTTP client |
| uv | latest version | Python package manager |
2.2 Create project
# macOS/Linux
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
# PowerShell (Windows)
powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -c "irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 | iex"
# 创建项目
uv init weather
cd weather
# 创建虚拟环境
uv venv
source .venv/bin/activate
# Windows: .venv\Scripts\activate
# 安装依赖
uv add "mcp[cli]" httpx
Key configuration:
mcp[cli]contains FastMCP CLI toolshttpxfor asynchronous HTTP requests
3. FastMCP server implementation
3.1 Import and initialization
# weather.py
from typing import Any
import httpx
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
# 初始化 FastMCP 服务器
mcp = FastMCP("weather")
# 配置常量
NWS_API_BASE = "https://api.weather.gov"
USER_AGENT = "weather-app/1.0"
3.2 Auxiliary function: HTTP request encapsulation
async def make_nws_request(url: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
"""向 NWS API 发送请求,包含错误处理"""
headers = {
"User-Agent": USER_AGENT,
"Accept": "application/geo+json"
}
async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
try:
response = await client.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=30.0)
response.raise_for_status()
return response.json()
except Exception:
return None
Production Level Improvements:
- Set 30 seconds timeout (to avoid long blocking)
- Return
Noneinstead of throwing an exception (let the caller decide how to handle it) - Use
httpx.AsyncClient(asynchronous I/O, does not block the event loop)
3.3 Tool 1: Get Weather Alerts
@mcp.tool()
async def get_alerts(state: str) -> str:
"""获取指定州的天气警报"""
url = f"{NWS_API_BASE}/alerts/active/area/{state}"
data = await make_nws_request(url)
if not data or "features" not in data:
return "Unable to fetch alerts or no alerts found."
if not data["features"]:
return "No active alerts for this state."
alerts = [format_alert(feature) for feature in data["features"]]
return "\n---\n".join(alerts)
Tool definition points:
@mcp.tool()decorator marked as MCP toolasync def: asynchronous function, supports concurrent calls- Return type:
str(text format, suitable for LLM processing)
3.4 Tool 2: Get Weather Forecast
@mcp.tool()
async def get_forecast(latitude: float, longitude: float) -> str:
"""获取指定位置的天气预报"""
# 第一步:获取网格点数据
points_url = f"{NWS_API_BASE}/points/{latitude},{longitude}"
points_data = await make_nws_request(points_url)
if not points_data:
return "Unable to fetch forecast data for this location."
# 第二步:从响应中提取预报 URL
forecast_url = points_data["properties"]["forecast"]
forecast_data = await make_nws_request(forecast_url)
if not forecast_data:
return "Unable to fetch detailed forecast."
# 第三步:格式化预报数据
periods = forecast_data["properties"]["periods"]
forecasts = []
for period in periods[:5]: # 只显示未来 5 个周期
forecast = f"""
{period["name"]}:
Temperature: {period["temperature"]}°{period["temperatureUnit"]}
Wind: {period["windSpeed"]} {period["windDirection"]}
Forecast: {period["detailedForecast"]}
"""
forecasts.append(forecast)
return "\n---\n".join(forecasts)
Production Level Considerations:
- Two-stage request: get grid points first, then get forecast (NWS API requirement)
- Error Handling: Each request is handled independently
- Data filtering: only return the next 5 periods (to avoid information overload)
3.5 Start the server
def main():
"""初始化并运行 MCP 服务器"""
mcp.run(transport="stdio")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Key Points:
transport="stdio": Communication via standard input/output (required for Claude Desktop)- No additional configuration is required, FastMCP automatically handles the JSON-RPC protocol
4. Deployment and testing
4.1 Running the server
uv run weather.py
Example output:
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize","params":{"protocolVersion":"2024-11-05","capabilities":{}}}
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":{"protocolVersion":"2024-11-05","capabilities":{"tools":{"listChanged":false}}}}
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/list","params":{}}
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"result":{"tools":[{"name":"get_alerts","description":"Get weather alerts for a US state","inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"state":{"type":"string","description":"Two-letter state code (e.g. CA, NY)"}},"required":["state"]}}]}}
4.2 Configuring Claude Desktop
macOS/Linux:
~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json
Windows:
%AppData%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json
Configuration content:
{
"mcpServers": {
"weather": {
"command": "uv",
"args": [
"--directory",
"/ABSOLUTE/PATH/TO/weather",
"run",
"weather.py"
]
}
}
}
Key configuration points:
command: command to run MCP serverargs: command parameters (including project directory)- Absolute path must be used: Claude Desktop requires full path
5. TypeScript version implementation
5.1 Install dependencies
npm install @modelcontextprotocol/sdk zod
5.2 Server code
// server.ts
import { Server } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/index.js";
import { StdioServerTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/stdio.js";
import { z } from "zod";
const NWS_API_BASE = "https://api.weather.gov";
async function makeNWSRequest(url: string): Promise<any> {
const headers = {
"User-Agent": "weather-app/1.0",
"Accept": "application/geo+json",
};
try {
const response = await fetch(url, { headers });
if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
return await response.json();
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error making NWS request:", error);
return null;
}
}
// 格式化警报
function formatAlert(feature: any): string {
const props = feature.properties;
return [
`Event: ${props.event || "Unknown"}`,
`Area: ${props.areaDesc || "Unknown"}`,
`Severity: ${props.severity || "Unknown"}`,
`Status: ${props.status || "Unknown"}`,
`Headline: ${props.headline || "No headline"}`,
"---",
].join("\n");
}
const server = new Server(
{
name: "weather-server",
version: "1.0.0",
},
{
capabilities: {
tools: {},
},
}
);
// 注册工具:获取警报
server.registerTool(
"get_alerts",
{
description: "Get weather alerts for a state",
inputSchema: {
state: z
.string()
.length(2)
.describe("Two-letter state code (e.g. CA, NY)"),
},
},
async ({ state }: { state: string }) => {
const stateCode = state.toUpperCase();
const alertsUrl = `${NWS_API_BASE}/alerts?area=${stateCode}`;
const alertsData = await makeNWSRequest(alertsUrl);
if (!alertsData) {
return {
content: [
{
type: "text",
text: "Failed to retrieve alerts data",
},
],
};
}
const features = alertsData.features || [];
if (!features.length) {
return {
content: [
{
type: "text",
text: `No active alerts for ${stateCode}`,
},
],
};
}
const formattedAlerts = features.map(formatAlert);
const alertsText = `Active alerts for ${stateCode}:\n\n${formattedAlerts.join("\n")}`;
return {
content: [
{
type: "text",
text: alertsText,
},
],
};
}
);
// 启动服务器
async function main() {
const transport = new StdioServerTransport();
await server.connect(transport);
console.error("Weather MCP Server running on stdio");
}
main();
6. Production-level best practices
6.1 Observability Pattern
Key Principles:
- STDIO Server: write
sys.stderr, notstdout(avoid breaking JSON-RPC) - HTTP server: standard output log is enough
Error log example:
# ❌ 错误:写入 stdout
print("Processing request") # 破坏协议
# ✅ 正确:写入 stderr
print("Processing request", file=sys.stderr)
logging.info("Processing request")
6.2 Error handling strategy
| Error type | Handling method | Return value |
|---|---|---|
| HTTP Error | Logging | {"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "API error"}]} |
| Parameter missing | Return prompt | {"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Missing required parameter"}]} |
| Logic error | Return error | {"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Error message"}]} |
Return format is unified:
{
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"text": "错误信息"
}
]
}
6.3 Performance optimization
Asynchronous I/O:
async def make_nws_request(url: str):
async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
response = await client.get(url, timeout=30.0)
Connection pool reuse:
# HTTPx 自动复用连接
async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
# 每次请求共享连接池
response = await client.get(url)
Timeout Control:
- API request: 30 seconds (to avoid long blocking)
- Overall server: 5 seconds (to avoid LLM waiting too long)
7. Troubleshooting common errors
7.1 Problem: Claude Desktop cannot connect
Possible reasons:
- Path error (relative path vs absolute path)
- Python environment problem (virtual environment not activated)
- Dependency installation failed (
uv addwas not executed)
Troubleshooting steps:
# 1. 检查路径
ls /ABSOLUTE/PATH/TO/weather/weather.py
# 2. 测试 Python 环境
uv run python -c "from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP; print('OK')"
# 3. 检查依赖
uv pip list | grep mcp
7.2 Problem: Tool call failed
DEBUG COMMAND:
# 启动服务器并查看 JSON-RPC 日志
uv run weather.py
Log Analysis:
{"method":"initialize"}: initialization successful{"method":"tools/list"}: Tools listed successfully{"method":"tools/call"}: call tool
8. Comparison with other frameworks
| Framework | Advantages | Disadvantages | Applicable scenarios |
|---|---|---|---|
| FastMCP | Python friendly, asynchronous support | Small ecosystem | Python project |
| LangChain MCP | Integrated with LangChain | Complex dependencies | LangChain project |
| Native SDK | Minimal dependencies | Handwritten protocol required | Custom server |
Selection Suggestions:
- Python project: FastMCP or LangChain MCP
- Node.js project: native SDK + TypeScript
- Cross-language: MCP server independent deployment
9. Advanced themes
9.1 Advanced Tool Definition
Tools with parameter verification:
@mcp.tool()
async def get_weather_with_validation(
city: str = z.string().describe("City name"),
unit: str = z.enum(["c", "f"]).default("c").describe("Temperature unit")
) -> str:
"""获取天气,带参数验证"""
# 参数验证由 zod 自动完成
return f"Weather in {city} ({unit})"
9.2 Resource provision
Provide file content:
@mcp.resource("file:///weather/current.txt")
async def get_current_file() -> str:
"""提供当前天气文件"""
return "Current weather data..."
9.3 Prompt word template
Pre-written prompt words:
@mcp.prompt()
def weather_report() -> str:
"""生成天气报告提示词"""
return "Generate a daily weather report for {city}"
10. Summary and next steps
10.1 Review of core points
| Key Points | Description |
|---|---|
| MCP architecture | Server provides Resources/Tools/Prompts, Host calls |
| FastMCP SDK | Python-friendly MCP server implementation |
| Asynchronous HTTP | Use httpx.AsyncClient to avoid blocking |
| Deployment method | STDIO (Claude Desktop) or HTTP (Web application) |
| Observability | Write to stderr without breaking JSON-RPC |
10.2 Production Environment Checklist
- [ ] Python 3.10+ environment
- [ ] FastMCP 1.2.0+ dependent installation
- [ ] HTTPx 0.27+ dependent installation
- [ ] Absolute path configuration (Claude Desktop)
- [ ] Error handling strategy
- [ ] Timeout control (30 seconds API, 5 seconds overall)
- [ ] Observability log (writes to stderr)
- [ ] Tool definition is complete (input schema, return format)
- [ ] Parameter validation (optional, use zod)
10.3 Next learning path
- Learn more tool types: Resources (file-level data), Prompts (templates)
- Integrate real API: Replace NWS API with enterprise API (database, file system, external services)
- Multiple Server Deployment: Run multiple MCP servers (weather, stocks, database) at the same time
- Monitoring and Alerting: Integrate Prometheus + Grafana to monitor API call success rate
- Security hardening: API key management, request current limiting, input verification
11. Resource links
Date: April 17, 2026 | Category: Cheese Evolution | Reading time: 30 minutes