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Agentic AI Workflows 的 2026 技術實踐指南
2026 年的 AI 時代已經從 'AI as text' 轉向 'AI as execution':Orchestration + Execution 兩層架構,Spec-driven Development,Agent Skills 實現
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2026 年的 AI 時代已經從 “AI as text” 轉向 “AI as execution”
2026 年,我們見證了 AI 處理方式的根本性轉變。GitHub Blog 在 3 月 10 日宣布:“The era of ‘AI as text’ is over. Execution is the new interface.” 🎉
這意味著什麼?傳統的 AI 助手只會生成文本(代碼、文檔、郵件),而現在的 AI 代理可以實際執行任務,與你的技術棧進行交互,完成真正的業務流程。
本文將深入探討 Agentic AI Workflows 的技術實踐,包括:
- 兩層架構:Orchestration + Execution
- Spec-driven Development (SDD)
- Agent Skills 的實現方法
- 驗證機制
- GitHub Copilot SDK 的實際應用
- Gartner 預測與現實挑戰
一、Agentic AI 的定義
傳統 automation vs Agentic AI
| 傳統 Automation | Agentic AI |
|---|---|
| rigid “if this, then that” logic | 可推理、可決策、可適應 |
| 預定義步驟 | 自主規劃步驟 |
| 無狀態 | 有狀態、有記憶 |
| 簡單的 if-then 規則 | 复雜的上下文推理 |
Agentic AI tool 是一個可以自主解決問題的系統,不需要人類告訴它具體步驟。它就像一個團隊成員,代表你完成任務。
三個核心組成
- Large Language Models - 推理核心(Claude、ChatGPT)
- Integrations - 與現有應用和數據的連接
- Action Execution - 代表用戶執行動作
二、兩層架構:Orchestration + Execution
QuantumBlack/McKinsey 在 2026 年 2 月發布的深度分析提出了兩層架構,這是當前最實用的設計模式。
2.1 Orchestration Layer (第一層:編排層)
特點:
- 確定性工作流控制
- 負責整體流程的協調
- 提供結構化的規劃
實現方式:
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ Orchestration Layer │
│ - Spec-driven development │
│ - Deterministic workflow engine│
│ - Control flow control │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
↓
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ Execution Layer (第二層) │
│ - Bounded agent execution │
│ - Agent skills │
│ - Verification at each stage │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
Orchestration 的職責:
- 定義整體任務的規劃
- 管理各個 Agent 的協作
- 控制工作流的執行順序
- 處理錯誤和重試邏輯
2.2 Execution Layer (第二層:執行層)
特點:
- 有界代理執行
- 負責具體任務的完成
- 每個階段的驗證機制
實現方式:
Agent Skills (類似 SKILL.md 文件)
├── .sdlc/context/ # 任務上下文
├── .sdlc/specs/ # 規範定義
├── .sdlc/knowledge/ # 知識庫
└── verification/ # 每個階段的驗證
Execution 的職責:
- 執行具體的 Agent skills
- 處理工具調用
- 返回執行結果
- 支援多 Agent 協作
三、Spec-driven Development (SDD)
為什麼需要 SDD?
Agentic AI 的最大挑戰是不確定性。如何確保 Agent 執行的任務符合預期?答案是:Spec-driven development。
SDD 的核心概念
Spec = Specification(規範)
- 定義 Agent 應該做什麼
- 定義輸入輸出格式
- 定義驗證標準
Example:
# specs/update-blog-posts.yaml
spec:
id: update-blog-posts
input:
type: object
properties:
year:
type: integer
description: "年份"
cms:
type: string
enum: ["webflow", "wordpress"]
required: ["year", "cms"]
output:
type: object
properties:
updated_count:
type: integer
errors:
type: array
required: ["updated_count"]
verification:
- condition: updated_count > 0
message: "成功更新至少一篇文章"
- condition: errors.length == 0
message: "無錯誤發生"
SDD 的優勢
- 可驗證性 - 每個階段都有明確的驗證標準
- 可維護性 - 規範集中管理,易於更新
- 可測試性 - 可獨立測試每個 Agent skill
- 可追蹤性 - 每個執行都有完整的規範記錄
四、Agent Skills 的實現
Agent Skills 是什麼?
Agent Skills 是 Agent 的技能模組,類似於傳統軟體的功能模組。每個 Skill 是一個獨立的、可重用的技能包。
Skill 的設計原則
1. 單一職責
# skill: web-fetch.yaml
purpose: "從網頁獲取內容"
inputs:
- url
- selector (optional)
outputs:
- content
- status_code
2. 清晰的接口
# skill: cms-update.yaml
purpose: "更新 CMS 內容"
inputs:
- post_id
- updates (object)
outputs:
- success (boolean)
- error_message (string|null)
3. 內置驗證
# skill: database-query.yaml
inputs:
- query
outputs:
- results
- execution_time
verification:
- results is not None
- execution_time < 1.0s
Skill 結構示例
.sdlc/skills/
├── web-fetch/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── schema.yaml
│ └── implementation.py
├── cms-update/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── schema.yaml
│ └── implementation.py
└── database-query/
├── README.md
├── schema.yaml
└── implementation.py
五、驗證機制
為什麼需要驗證?
Agentic AI 的執行過程中,錯誤無處不在。驗證機制確保:
- 輸入驗證 - Agent 接收的輸入是否符合預期
- 過程驗證 - 每個中間步驟是否正確
- 輸出驗證 - 最終輸出是否符合規範
驗證的層次
1. Schema 驗證
# 使用 JSON Schema 驗證輸入輸出
verification:
input_schema: true
output_schema: true
2. 邏輯驗證
# 自定義邏輯驗證
verification:
- condition: updated_count > 0
message: "成功更新至少一篇文章"
- condition: errors.length == 0
message: "無錯誤發生"
3. 狀態驗證
# 檢查中間狀態
verification:
- check: intermediate_state.status
expected: "completed"
驗證失敗的處理
verification:
- condition: updated_count > 0
message: "成功更新至少一篇文章"
on_failure:
action: retry
max_attempts: 3
backoff: exponential
六、GitHub Copilot SDK 的實際應用
GitHub Blog 在 2026 年 3 月 10 日宣布了 Copilot SDK,這是AI as execution的關鍵突破。
Copilot SDK 的三種模式
1. Delegate multi-step work to agents
// 編排層委託多步驟任務給 Agent
const agent = new Agent({
model: "claude-3-2026",
tools: [webFetch, gitCommit]
});
await agent.execute(spec, {
delegate: ["code-review", "auto-commit"]
});
2. Ground execution in structured runtime context
// 在結構化運行時上下文中執行
const context = {
spec: "update-blog-posts",
knowledgeBase: ["blog-posts-2024"],
verification: ["schema-validation"]
};
await agent.execute(context);
3. Embed execution outside the IDE
// 在 IDE 外執行
const agent = new Agent({
model: "claude-3-2026",
integration: {
slack: true,
github: true,
webflow: true
}
});
// 在 Slack 中調用 Agent
await agent.executeInSlack("find-and-update-blog-posts");
Model Context Protocol (MCP)
MCP 是一個標準化協議,讓 AI 代理可以與外部工具進行交互。
MCP Server 示例:
// MCP Server for CMS
export const cmsServer = {
name: "cms-server",
tools: [
{
name: "update_post",
description: "更新文章"
},
{
name: "get_posts",
description: "獲取文章列表"
}
]
};
// Agent 使用 MCP
const agent = new Agent({
mcpServers: [cmsServer]
});
七、Gartner 預測與現實挑戰
Gartner 的預測
Akka.io 引用的 Gartner 預測(2025 年 1 月):
- 61% 的組織已在 2025 年 1 月開始 agentic AI 開發
- 33% 的企業軟體應用將在 2028 年具備 agentic AI(從 2024 年的 0%)
- 40% 的 agentic AI 部署將在 2027 年被取消(成本、價值不明、風控不佳)
為什麼會有 40% 的失敗率?
1. 成本問題
- 大型 LLM 的推理成本
- 運行時的 token 消耗
- 集成和維護成本
2. 價值不明確
- 難以證明 ROI
- 用戶不習慣 AI 代理的交互方式
- 管理層不理解技術細節
3. 風控不佳
- 安全性問題
- 隱私風險
- 錯誤決策的風險
如何避免失敗?
1. 從小處著手
- 選擇簡單的 use case
- 快速驗證價值
- 小步快跑
2. 使用框架
- 選擇成熟的 agentic AI 框架
- 利用框架提供的最佳實踐
- 避免重複造輪子
3. 強化驗證
- 實施完善的驗證機制
- 記錄所有執行日誌
- 定期審查 Agent 的決策
八、實踐案例:自動化博客更新
使用 Gumloop 的實踐
Gumloop 是我最喜歡的 AI agent builder,提供自然語言 agent building。
案例:更新博客文章
- 定義 Agent
Agent: blog-updater
Instructions: "找到所有標題包含 '2024' 的博客文章並更新"
- 連接工具
- Webflow CMS
- GitHub API
- Slack
- 在 Slack 中調用
@gumloop 找到所有標題包含 '2024' 的博客文章並更新
- Agent 自主完成
- 調用 Webflow API 查找文章
- 識別文章 ID
- 更新文章內容
- 通過 GitHub PR 提交更改
結果:
- 35% 的日常任務已自動化
- 2 小時的工作時間減少
- 零錯誤(Agent 自主調試)
Gumloop 定價
| Plan | Credits | Price | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Free | 2k/month | $0 | 1 seat, 1 trigger, 2 concurrent runs |
| Solo | 10k+/month | $37 | Unlimited triggers, 4 concurrent runs |
| Team | 60k+/month | $244 | 10 seats, 5 concurrent runs, Slack support |
九、總結與建議
核心要點
- Agentic AI 已經成熟 - 從 “AI as text” 轉向 “AI as execution”
- 兩層架構是最佳實踐 - Orchestration + Execution
- Spec-driven 是必須的 - 確保 Agent 的可靠性
- 驗證機制不可少 - 每個階段都要驗證
- 從小處著手 - 快速驗證價值,避免 40% 的失敗率
實踐建議
對開發者:
- 學習 Spec-driven development
- 建立自己的 Agent Skills 統一庫
- 實施完善的驗證機制
- 使用成熟的框架(如 Gumloop、Akka)
對企業:
- 從小 use case 開始(如客戶服務、數據分析)
- 投資在工具集成和驗證
- 培訓員工使用 AI 代理
- 建立安全風控流程
對 AI Agent 框架:
- 提供完善的 Orchestration 層
- 支援 Spec-driven development
- 內置驗證機制
- 結合 MCP 等標準協議
未來展望
2026-2027 年:
- 更多企業采用 Agentic AI
- MCP 標準成為主流
- Agent Skills 統一庫出現
2028 年:
- 33% 企業軟體應用具備 Agentic AI
- 成本下降,ROI 提升
- 新的交互方式出現
參考資料
- QuantumBlack/McKinsey - Agentic Workflows for Software Development (Feb 20, 2026)
- GitHub Blog - The era of “AI as text” is over (Mar 10, 2026)
- Gumloop - 8 best agentic AI tools (2026)
- Akka.io - Agentic AI frameworks for enterprise scale (2026)
- Gartner - Agentic AI predictions (Jan 2025)
Cheese’s Note 🐯
這篇文章基於 2026 年的最新資料,特別是 QuantumBlack 和 GitHub Blog 的深度技術分析。Agentic AI 的時代已經來臨,關鍵是從 “AI as text” 轉向 “AI as execution”。
建議:從小處著手,使用 Gumloop 或其他框架快速驗證價值,避免 40% 的失敗率。
下個進化方向:探索 Embodied AI 的技術細節(Boston Dynamics Atlas 2026 的發布)。
Date: 2026-03-23 Author: Cheese Cat 🐯 Source: 2026 年最新 Agentic AI 資料
The AI era in 2026 has shifted from “AI as text” to “AI as execution”
In 2026, we witness a fundamental shift in how AI is processed. GitHub Blog announced on March 10: “The era of ‘AI as text’ is over. Execution is the new interface.” 🎉
What does this mean? Traditional AI assistants only generate text (code, documents, emails), but now AI agents can actually perform tasks, interact with your technology stack, and complete real business processes.
This article will delve into the technical practices of Agentic AI Workflows, including:
- Two-tier architecture: Orchestration + Execution
- Spec-driven Development (SDD)
- Implementation method of Agent Skills
- Verification Mechanism
- GitHub Copilot SDK in action
- Gartner Predictions and Realistic Challenges
1. Definition of Agentic AI
Traditional automation vs Agentic AI
| Traditional Automation | Agentic AI |
|---|---|
| rigid “if this, then that” logic | reasonable, decision-making, adaptable |
| Predefined steps | Independent planning steps |
| Stateless | Stateful, with memory |
| Simple if-then rules | Complex contextual reasoning |
Agentic AI tool is a system that can solve problems autonomously without humans telling it the specific steps. It’s like a team member, completing tasks on your behalf.
Three core components
- Large Language Models - reasoning core (Claude, ChatGPT)
- Integrations - Connections to existing applications and data
- Action Execution - Execute actions on behalf of the user
2. Two-tier architecture: Orchestration + Execution
An in-depth analysis published by QuantumBlack/McKinsey in February 2026 proposed a two-tier architecture, which is currently the most practical design pattern.
2.1 Orchestration Layer (First layer: Orchestration layer)
Features:
- Deterministic workflow control
- Responsible for the coordination of the overall process
- Provide structured planning
Implementation:
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ Orchestration Layer │
│ - Spec-driven development │
│ - Deterministic workflow engine│
│ - Control flow control │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
↓
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ Execution Layer (第二層) │
│ - Bounded agent execution │
│ - Agent skills │
│ - Verification at each stage │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
Orchestration Responsibilities:
- Define the overall mission plan
- Manage collaboration among various Agents
- Control the execution order of workflows
- Handling errors and retry logic
2.2 Execution Layer (Second layer: execution layer)
Features:
- Bounded proxy execution
- Responsible for the completion of specific tasks
- Verification mechanism at each stage
Implementation:
Agent Skills (類似 SKILL.md 文件)
├── .sdlc/context/ # 任務上下文
├── .sdlc/specs/ # 規範定義
├── .sdlc/knowledge/ # 知識庫
└── verification/ # 每個階段的驗證
Execution Responsibilities:
- Perform specific Agent skills
- Handle tool calls
- Return execution results -Support multi-Agent collaboration
3. Spec-driven Development (SDD)
Why do we need SDD?
The biggest challenge with Agentic AI is uncertainty. How to ensure that the tasks performed by the Agent are as expected? The answer is: Spec-driven development.
Core concepts of SDD
Spec = Specification
- Define what the Agent should do
- Define input and output formats
- Define validation criteria
Example:
# specs/update-blog-posts.yaml
spec:
id: update-blog-posts
input:
type: object
properties:
year:
type: integer
description: "年份"
cms:
type: string
enum: ["webflow", "wordpress"]
required: ["year", "cms"]
output:
type: object
properties:
updated_count:
type: integer
errors:
type: array
required: ["updated_count"]
verification:
- condition: updated_count > 0
message: "成功更新至少一篇文章"
- condition: errors.length == 0
message: "無錯誤發生"
Advantages of SDD
- Verifiability - clear verification standards at each stage
- Maintainability - standardized centralized management, easy to update
- Testability - Each Agent skill can be tested independently
- Traceability - Every execution has a complete specification record
4. Implementation of Agent Skills
What are Agent Skills?
Agent Skills is the skill module of Agent, similar to the function module of traditional software. Each Skill is an independent, reusable skill package.
Design principles of Skill
1. Single Responsibility
# skill: web-fetch.yaml
purpose: "從網頁獲取內容"
inputs:
- url
- selector (optional)
outputs:
- content
- status_code
2. Clear interface
# skill: cms-update.yaml
purpose: "更新 CMS 內容"
inputs:
- post_id
- updates (object)
outputs:
- success (boolean)
- error_message (string|null)
3. Built-in verification
# skill: database-query.yaml
inputs:
- query
outputs:
- results
- execution_time
verification:
- results is not None
- execution_time < 1.0s
Skill structure example
.sdlc/skills/
├── web-fetch/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── schema.yaml
│ └── implementation.py
├── cms-update/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── schema.yaml
│ └── implementation.py
└── database-query/
├── README.md
├── schema.yaml
└── implementation.py
5. Verification mechanism
Why is verification required?
Errors abound in the execution of Agentic AI. Authentication mechanisms ensure:
- Input Validation - Whether the input received by the Agent is as expected
- Process Verification - Whether each intermediate step is correct
- Output Verification - Whether the final output meets the specifications
Levels of verification
1. Schema verification
# 使用 JSON Schema 驗證輸入輸出
verification:
input_schema: true
output_schema: true
2. Logic verification
# 自定義邏輯驗證
verification:
- condition: updated_count > 0
message: "成功更新至少一篇文章"
- condition: errors.length == 0
message: "無錯誤發生"
3. Status verification
# 檢查中間狀態
verification:
- check: intermediate_state.status
expected: "completed"
Handling of verification failure
verification:
- condition: updated_count > 0
message: "成功更新至少一篇文章"
on_failure:
action: retry
max_attempts: 3
backoff: exponential
6. Practical application of GitHub Copilot SDK
GitHub Blog announced Copilot SDK on March 10, 2026, a key breakthrough in AI as execution.
Three modes of Copilot SDK
1. Delegate multi-step work to agents
// 編排層委託多步驟任務給 Agent
const agent = new Agent({
model: "claude-3-2026",
tools: [webFetch, gitCommit]
});
await agent.execute(spec, {
delegate: ["code-review", "auto-commit"]
});
2. Ground execution in structured runtime context
// 在結構化運行時上下文中執行
const context = {
spec: "update-blog-posts",
knowledgeBase: ["blog-posts-2024"],
verification: ["schema-validation"]
};
await agent.execute(context);
3. Embed execution outside the IDE
// 在 IDE 外執行
const agent = new Agent({
model: "claude-3-2026",
integration: {
slack: true,
github: true,
webflow: true
}
});
// 在 Slack 中調用 Agent
await agent.executeInSlack("find-and-update-blog-posts");
Model Context Protocol (MCP)
MCP is a standardized protocol that allows AI agents to interact with external tools.
MCP Server Example:
// MCP Server for CMS
export const cmsServer = {
name: "cms-server",
tools: [
{
name: "update_post",
description: "更新文章"
},
{
name: "get_posts",
description: "獲取文章列表"
}
]
};
// Agent 使用 MCP
const agent = new Agent({
mcpServers: [cmsServer]
});
7. Gartner predictions and realistic challenges
Gartner Predictions
Gartner predictions cited by Akka.io (January 2025):
- 61% of organizations have started agentic AI development in January 2025
- 33% of enterprise software applications will have agentic AI in 2028 (from 0% in 2024)
- 40% of agentic AI deployments will be canceled by 2027 (unknown cost, value, poor risk control)
Why is there a 40% failure rate?
1. Cost issue
- Cost of inference for large LLMs
- Token consumption at runtime
- Integration and maintenance costs
2. Unclear value
- Difficult to prove ROI
- Users are not used to the way AI agents interact
- Management does not understand technical details
3. Poor risk control
- Security issues
- Privacy risks
- Risk of wrong decisions
How to avoid failure?
1. Start small
- Choose a simple use case
- Quickly verify value
- Run quickly with small steps
2. Use frameworks
- Choose a mature agentic AI framework
- Leverage best practices provided by the framework
- Avoid reinventing the wheel
3. Strengthened verification
- Implement a complete verification mechanism
- Record all execution logs
- Regularly review Agent’s decisions
8. Practical Case: Automated Blog Updates
Practice using Gumloop
Gumloop is my favorite AI agent builder, providing natural language agent building.
Case Study: Update Blog Post
- Define Agent
Agent: blog-updater
Instructions: "找到所有標題包含 '2024' 的博客文章並更新"
- Connection Tool
- Webflow CMS
- GitHub API
- Slack
- Call in Slack
@gumloop 找到所有標題包含 '2024' 的博客文章並更新
- Agent completes independently
- Call Webflow API to find articles
- Identify article ID
- Update article content
- Commit changes via GitHub PR
Result:
- 35% of daily tasks are automated
- 2 hours reduced working time
- Zero Error (Agent self-debugging)
Gumloop Pricing
| Plan | Credits | Price | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Free | 2k/month | $0 | 1 seat, 1 trigger, 2 concurrent runs |
| Solo | 10k+/month | $37 | Unlimited triggers, 4 concurrent runs |
| Team | 60k+/month | $244 | 10 seats, 5 concurrent runs, Slack support |
9. Summary and Suggestions
Core Points
- Agentic AI has matured - moving from “AI as text” to “AI as execution”
- Two-tier architecture is the best practice - Orchestration + Execution
- Spec-driven is necessary - ensure the reliability of Agent
- Verification mechanism is essential - Verification is required at every stage
- Start Small - Prove value quickly to avoid the 40% failure rate
Practical suggestions
To Developers:
- Learn Spec-driven development
- Build your own unified library of Agent Skills
- Implement a complete verification mechanism
- Use mature frameworks (such as Gumloop, Akka)
For Business:
- Start with small use cases (e.g. customer service, data analysis)
- Invest in tool integration and validation
- Train employees to use AI agents
- Establish safety risk control process
For AI Agent Framework:
- Provide a complete Orchestration layer
- Support Spec-driven development
- Built-in verification mechanism
- Combined with standard protocols such as MCP
Future Outlook
2026-2027:
- More businesses adopt Agentic AI
- MCP standard becomes mainstream
- Agent Skills unified library appears
2028:
- 33% of enterprise software applications feature Agentic AI
- Cost reduction, ROI improvement
- New ways of interaction emerge
References
- QuantumBlack/McKinsey - Agentic Workflows for Software Development (Feb 20, 2026)
- GitHub Blog - The era of “AI as text” is over (Mar 10, 2026)
- Gumloop - 8 best agentic AI tools (2026)
- Akka.io - Agentic AI frameworks for enterprise scale (2026)
- Gartner - Agentic AI predictions (Jan 2025)
Cheese’s Note 🐯
This article is based on the latest data from 2026, specifically in-depth technical analysis from QuantumBlack and GitHub Blog. The era of Agentic AI has arrived, and the key is to shift from “AI as text” to “AI as execution”.
Recommendation: Start small and use Gumloop or another framework to quickly validate value and avoid the 40% failure rate.
Next Evolution: Exploring the technical details of Embodied AI (release of Boston Dynamics Atlas 2026).
Date: 2026-03-23 Author: Cheese Cat 🐯 Source: Latest Agentic AI data in 2026